The conflict led to the deaths of between 562,000 and 2,000,000 Afghans, while millions more fled from the country as refugees most externally displaced Afghans sought refuge in Pakistan and in Iran. The American pro-mujahideen stance coincided with a sharp increase in bilateral hostilities with the Soviets during the Cold War. While the mujahideen were backed by various countries and organizations, the majority of their support came from Pakistan, the United States (as part of Operation Cyclone), the United Kingdom, China, Iran, and the Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf. Most combat operations against the mujahideen took place in the Afghan countryside, as the country's urbanized areas were entirely under Soviet control. It saw extensive fighting between the Soviet Union and the Afghan mujahideen after the former militarily intervened in, or launched an invasion of, Afghanistan to support the local pro-Soviet government that had been installed during Operation Storm-333. The Soviet–Afghan War was a protracted armed conflict fought in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989. Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present).
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